Bottle Gourd Domestication and History

The bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) has had a complex domestication history written for it over the past twenty years. However, recent DNA research suggests that it was domesticated three times: in Asia, at least 10,000 years ago; in Central America, about 10,000 years ago; and in Africa, about 4,000 years ago. In addition, the bottle gourds dispersal throughout Polynesia is a key part of evidence supporting the possible Polynesian discovery of the New World, circa 1000 AD. The bottle gourd is a diploid, monoecious plant of the Cucurbitacea. The plant has thick vines with large white flowers that open only at night. The fruit comes in a large variety of shapes, selected for by their human users. The bottle gourd is primarily grown for its fruit, which when dried forms a woody hollow vessel that is suitable for containing water and food, for fishing floats, for musical instruments and for clothing, among other things. In fact, the fruit itself floats, and bottle gourds with still-viable seeds have been discovered after floating in seawater for more than seven months. Domestication History The bottle gourd is native to Africa: wild populations of the plant have recently been discovered in Zimbabwe. Two subspecies, likely representing two separate domestication events, have been identified: Lagenaria siceraria spp. siceraria (in Africa, domesticated some 4,000 years ago) and L. s. spp. asiatica (Asia, domesticated at least 10,000 years ago0. The likelihood of a third domestication event, in Central America about 10,000 years ago, has been implied from genetic analysis of American bottle gourds (Kistler et al.), Domesticated bottle gourds have been recovered in the Americas at sites such as Guila Naquitz in Mexico by ~10,000 years ago. Bottle Gourd Dispersals The earliest dispersal of the bottle gourd into the Americas was long believed by scholars to have occurred from the floating of domesticated fruits across the Atlantic. In 2005, researchers David Erickson and colleagues (among others) argued that bottle gourds, like dogs, had been brought into the Americas with the arrival of Paleoindian hunter-gatherers, at least 10,000 years ago. If true, then the Asian form of the bottle gourd was domesticated at least a couple of thousand years before that. Evidence of that has not been discovered, although domestic bottle gourds from several Jomon period sites on Japan have early dates. In 2014, researchers Kistler et al. disputed that theory, in part because it would have required the tropical and subtropical bottle gourd to have been planted at the crossing place into the Americas in the Bering Land Bridge region, an area far too cold to support that; and evidence for its presence in the likely entryway into the Americas has yet to be found. Instead, Kistlers team looked at DNA from samples in several locales in the Americas between 8,000 BC and 1925 AD (included Guila Naquitz and Quebrada Jaguay) and concluded that Africa is the clear source region of the bottle gourd in the Americas. Kistler et al. suggest that the African bottle gourds were domesticated in the American Neotropics, derived from seeds out of gourds which had drifted across the Atlantic. Later dispersals throughout eastern Polynesia, Hawaii, New Zealand and the western South American coastal region may have been driven by Polynesian seafaring. New Zealand bottle gourds exhibit features of both subspecies. The Kistler study identified the Polynesia bottle gourds as L. siceria ssp. asiatica, more closely related to Asian examples, but the puzzle was not addressed in that study. Important Bottle Gourd Sites AMS radiocarbon dates on bottle gourd rinds are reported after the site name unless otherwise noted. Note: dates in the literature are recorded as they appear, but are listed in roughly chronological order from oldest to youngest. Spirit Cave (Thailand), 10000-6000 BC (seeds)Azazu (Japan), 9000-8500 BC (seeds)Little Salt Spring (Florida, US), 8241-7832 cal BCGuila Naquitz (Mexico) 10,000-9000 BP 7043-6679 cal BCTorihama (Japan), 8000-6000 cal BP (a rind may be dated ~15,000 bp)Awatsu-kotei (Japan), associated date 9600 BPQuebrada Jaguay (Peru), 6594-6431 cal BCWindover Bog (Florida, US) 8100 BPCoxcatlan Cave (Mexico) 7200 BP (5248-5200 cal BC)Paloma (Peru) 6500 BPTorihama (Japan), associated date 6000 BPShimo-yakebe (Japan), 5300 cal BPSannai Maruyama (Japan), associated date 2500 BCTe Niu (Easter Island), pollen, AD 1450    Sources Thanks to Hiroo Nasu of the Japanese Association of Historical Botany for the latest information about Jomon sites in Japan. This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Plant Domestication and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Clarke AC, Burtenshaw MK, McLenachan PA, Erickson DL, and Penny D. 2006. Reconstructing the Origins and Dispersal of the Polynesian Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria). Molecular Biology and Evolution 23(5):893-900. Duncan NA, Pearsall DM, and Benfer J, Robert A. 2009. Gourd and squash artifacts yield starch grains of feasting foods from preceramic Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(32):13202-13206. Erickson DL, Smith BD, Clarke AC, Sandweiss DH, and Tuross N. 2005. An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(51):18315–18320. Fuller DQ, Hosoya LA, Zheng Y, and Qin L. 2010. A Contribution to the Prehistory of Domesticated Bottle Gourds in Asia: Rind Measurements from Jomon Japan and Neolithic Zhejiang, China. Economic Botany 64(3):260-265. Horrocks M, Shane PA, Barber IG, D’Costa DM, and Nichol SL. 2004. Microbotanical remains reveal Polynesian agriculture and mixed cropping in early New Zealand. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 131:147-157. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.03.003 Horrocks M, and Wozniak JA. 2008. Plant microfossil analysis reveals disturbed forest and a mixed-crop, dryland production system at Te Niu, Easter Island. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(1):126-142.doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.02.014 Kistler L, Montenegro à , Smith BD, Gifford JA, Green RE, Newsom LA, and Shapiro B. 2014. Transoceanic drift and the domestication of African bottle gourds in the Americas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(8):2937-2941. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1318678111 Kudo Y, and Sasaki Y. 2010. Characterization of Plant Remains on Jomon Potteries Excavated from the Shimo-yakebe Site, Tokyo, Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History 158:1-26. (in Japanese) Pearsall DM. 2008. Plant domestication. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1822-1842. doi:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00081-9 Schaffer AA, and Paris HS. 2003. Melons, squashes and gourds. In: Caballero B, editor. Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition. second ed. London: Elsevier. p 3817-3826. doi: 10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00760-4 Smith BD. 2005. Reassessing Coxcatlan Cave and the early history of domesticated plants in Mesoamerica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(27):9438-9445. Zeder MA, Emshwiller E, Smith BD, and Bradley DG. 2006. Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology. Trends in Genetics 22(3):139-155. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007

Sociological Perspective On Psychology Psychodynamic...

Summarize Major Historical Perspective in Psychology Essay Psychodynamic Perspective- There is four major perspectives in psychology: Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Humanistic, and Cognitive. Each theory represents a psychology approach to unlock the human mind. A psychology approach is known as a perspective; today there are many different approaches in psychology that contain specified beliefs about the mind and Human Behavior. Individually each perspective is different they have their strong points and weak points, however each perspective does represent important assumptions that were fundamentally researched with methods and questions that are used to answer inquiries in psychology regarding human behavior and the mental process.†¦show more content†¦Freud believed our behavior is already determined by our experiences we had from childhood through the unconscious mind and that the occurrences we had in our childhood can have such an impact on our behavior as we grow into a dulthood. Psychodynamic theory is often referred to as psychoanalytical therapy which describes the terms of personality through psychological process which includes our dreams, fears and wishes we are not fully aware of through psychotherapy explores the clients unconscious thoughts and emotions. He suggested that our personalities are formed by three reasons: the ego, id, and superego the Intrapsychic elements. A supporter of Sigmund Freud early on was Carl Jung, a member of Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. They shared interest of the unconscious. Jung anticipated that the unconscious mind consisted of two layers which emphasized the importance of the unconscious in relation to personality. Personal unconscious is the first layer and this layer is basically the same version of the unconscious as Freud’s. This part of the unconscious contains information that is temporarily forgotten and becomes a part of your repressed memories. The Collective Unconscious known as the second layer is considered the most important and significant difference between Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. This is said to be Jung’s most original workings and that it is very controversial to the personality theory. (McLeod, S. A. (2014). Carl Jung.

Accounting Theory and Contemporary Issue

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Contemporary Issue. Answer: Introduction: International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) are considered to be the common international standard of business related affairs so that the enterprises can maintain the accounts and compare over the global limits. IFRS is the one result in expanding the international market for a business which deals in different countries across of the world. (Harris et al. 2013). IFRS is slowing replacing the different accounting national standards to meet standards. IFRS is a non-profit organization for accounting, engaging in expansion and promotion of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) with the help of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) is the autonomous regulation setting body of the IFRS Foundation. All gatherings of the IASB are taken place in the open and webcast (Ifrs.org. 2016). 1.IASB is an association of setting accounting standards which currently has 14 members from all over nine countries and is situated in LONDON. IASB conducts its meeting in public and webcast. Investment of this association is done by major and famous accounting companies, private financial institutions, central and development banks, and other globalized and professional organizations all over the world (Armstrong et al. 2015). Members of the IASB are the one who develops and publishes IFRS. Members of this organization are employed only after accurate technique which consists of advertising vacancies and consulting firms. Hans Hoogervorst is the current chairperson, who was appointed in July 2011. IASB is the subpart of IFRS.. In satisfying its accounting regulation, the IASB goes with the open and opaque procedure of which the distribution of consultative reports, for example, Discussion Papers and Exposure Drafts, for the open remark is a vital segment. The IASB draws in intimate ly with partners far and wide, including financial specialists, experts, controllers, business pioneers, bookkeeping regulators and the bookkeeping calling. IASB is the formal advisory body. On July 2016 IASB has updated new work plan for IFRS standard published. In July 2002, the European Parliament passed a supervision mentioning that companies who are listed on the European Stock Exchange have to make their consolidated financial statement in correspondence with IFRS since 2005. IFRS adoption was made optional to the unlisted companies countries under the European Union (Chen et al. 2014). Unconsolidated holding companies were allowed for a certain omission in their financial statements in the adoption of IFRS in 2005. The European Union Accounting management wants to adopt IFRS separately. The adoption methods can also be called as ENDORSEMENT.' (Pige 2015). Until July 2010, IFRS was known to be the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) and it had 22 trustees by 20 12. When IFRS started to integrate accounting over the European Union, the coordination made the work simple and attractive internationally. Standards made by the IASC (the predecessor of IASB) are still followed under the name of International Accounting Standards (IAS), whereas the regulations given by IASB are known as IFRS. IAS originated between 1973 and 2001, by the Committee of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). On April 1st, 2001, newly made IASB had taken over IASC for making International Accounting Standards. In the first meeting, the new committee acquired the previous IAS and Standing Interpretations Committee Standards (SICs) (Ifrs.org. 2016) .Convergence is compelled by various factors, which includes the comparison of a various aspect of accounts, which will give the flow of global investment and advantage to different stakeholders. Assessment of convergence includes its expense and measures. The objective of server farm joining ought to be to e mpower IT to share, oversee and ensure information resources all the more deliberately and productively. Convergence also refers to exertion that project goals to increase the particular accounting standard, and decreasing difference among them. At long last, we locate an optimist response to IFRS selection occasions for enterprise with highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ quality previously adopted data, predictable in financial specialists expecting overall merging advantages from IFRS appropriation (Christensen et al. 2015) Advantages: IFRS pledges to give correct, prompt and brief of the financial statement knowledge which is meeting the national standard. The statements made under IFRS are easily understood by the stakeholders, and they do not require any third person to provide any further details for taking any decision regarding the company position (Wang 2016.) Identifying any loss instantly in one of the main characteristics of IFRS, it serves as an advantage for the investors, debtor and other stakeholders inside the company. IFRS has helped many companies in Europe for getting the entry in international capital markets by preparing financial statements within common accounting standards. IFRS has many more advantages like it has increased comparability, opaqueness, regularity in the preparation of the financial report The managers are doing a lot of manipulation by a way of creating a secret reserve, which is not permissible within IFRS Limitations: For incorporation of IFRS, in the accounting standards of the multinational company huge cost is involved in making changes to the new accounting standards, training cost of the employees, etc. Extraordinary loss/profit are not permissible in the new IFRS. During the implementation of IFRS, IASB is becoming the monopolist in setting global accounting standards. IFRS is complicated and expensive, and if small and medium sized enterprise wants to use an incorporate it, then the SMEs will have a huge loss because it may increase their conversion expense and their complications of IFRS will be captivated by SMEs (Deegan 2012) A main issue in the transformation to IFRS, which has focused on high significant and utilization of reasonable worth as the prominent premise of benefits risk estimations. To decrease and omit difference among United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) and IFRS, Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is running with the International Accounting Standards Boards (IASB). In 2008, the convergence was carried out in 2006 as the memorandum of understanding ( Transient undertakings towards meeting between US GAAP and the IFRS includes revision boards models to better adjust them to the next boards, together issuing new benchmarks. (Ball and Shivakumar 2012) Short-term task towards the union between US GAAP and the IFRS include the change of one of the sheets' principles to better adjust them to the next board, mutually issuing new measures. After the adoption of IFRS to the European Union had made compulsory, there were many reactions from the country people. The enterprise with lower quality pre-adoption knowledge was more distinct for financial institutions like banks and with higher pre-adoption knowledge irregularity, gave posi tive reaction and was steady with financial specialists expecting net data quality advantages from IFRS reception (Crawford et al. 2014). The Standard Advice Review Group (SARG) offers its suggestion whether EFRAGs methods suggestion are equal and impartial. We also discover an increased negative response for enterprises domiciled in code law nations, predictable with financial specialists' worries over authorization of IFRS in those nations. 2.The United Kingdom is a member state of European Union. United Kingdom companies are listed in an EU or EEA Securities, and since 2005 these exchanges are following IFRSs (Wang 2016) The European Commission (EC) issues a document at a regular interval which contains a set of rules of the IAS regulation by European Union Member State. After the adoption of IFRS to the European Union had made compulsory, there were many reactions from the country people. (Stahlin et al. 2013) The enterprise with lower quality pre-adoption knowledge was more distinct for financial institutions like banks and with higher pre-adoption knowledge irregularity, gave positive reaction and was steady with financial specialists expecting net data quality advantages from IFRS reception (Crawford et al. 2014). The Standard Advice Review Group (SARG) offers its suggestion whether EFRAGs methods suggestion are equal and impartial. We also discover an increased negative response for enterprises domiciled in code l aw nations, predictable with financial specialists' worries over authorization of IFRS in those nations. At long last, we locate an optimist response to IFRS selection occasions for enterprise with highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ quality previously adopted data, predictable in financial specialists expecting overall merging advantages from IFRS appropriation (Christensen et al. 2015). The European IAS regulatory, is not only followed by the 28 members of the EU, but also to the other three members of the European Economic Area (EEA), i.e., Norway, Liechtenstein, and Iceland. The UK auditing board also needs to put IAS regulation in the footnote and compliance with IFRSs as it is acquired by the IASB. For the periods starting on or after 1 January 2015, three new Financial Reporting Standards i.e., FRS-100, FRS-101, and FRS-102 will be followed, carrying the various new choices for all UK elements and gatherings. There three more FRSs which is created by Accounting Standards Board (ASB), the forerunner is presently the Accounting Board of FRC) to supplant Old UK GAAP and present an IFRS-based diminished exposure system for specific elements. Notwithstanding the above three principles, the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has likewise generated different standard, FRS 103 appropriate to such elements that have protection contracts and applies to FRS 102. Organizations who work inside particular businesses or areas will likewise apply the necessities of their particular Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP) about the Financial Reporting Standards. The new Standards can be condensed as takes after: FRS 100 - Application of budgetary reporting prerequisites. FRS 100 provides the material budgetary reporting structure for elements get ready monetary articulations as per enactment, controls or bookkeeping gauges relevant in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. FRS 101 - Reduced Disclosure Framework. FRS 101 presents another lessened revelation system empowering most auxiliaries and guardians to utilize the acknowledgment and estimation criteria of IFRSs in their personal element monetary articulations, while being absolved from various exposures necessary by full IFRSs. FRS 102 - The Financial Reporting Standard Applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland. FRS 102 is a solitary rational budgetary reporting standard supplanting old UK GAAP. Gotten from the IFRS for SMEs, the Financial Reporting Council has supported critical adjustments to assign organization law necessities and includes extra bookkeeping alternatives (Feng et al. 2014) FRS 103 - Insurance Contracts. FRS 103 includes particular bookkeeping needs for substances with protection contracts. FRS 104 - Interim Financial Reporting. FRS 104 is planned for inculcating in the readiness of interval money related reports for those substances that apply. FRS 102 yet may likewise be utilized as a premise for getting ready between time reports by those elements applying FRS 101. The Standard depends on IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting. FRS 105 - The Financial Reporting Standard relevant to the Micro-substances Regime. FRS 105 depends on FRS 102 yet its bookkeeping necessities are adjusted to fulfill the lawful prerequisites material to miniaturized scale elements and to mirror the easier nature and littler size of small scale elements. Current Impact of IFRS after its Implication On July 2016 The of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS), reported that UK would unrealistically leave from IFRSs, if it expects to remain a worldwide players. On Nov 2015 The United Kingdom Financial Reporting Council (FRC) had remarked, IASB's presentation draft ED/2015/3 'Applied Framework for Financial Reporting.' Similarly again on Nov. 2015, because of not having consistent selection dates for IFRSs follows the objective of reliable utilization of the guidelines in various purviews, the Accounting Standards Board (AcSB) of Canada has dispatched an activity taking a stab at uniform IFRS adoption dates. On September 2015 The United Nations Environment Program Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) has distributed a report that expects to end the level headed discussion encompassing ecological, social and administration (ESG) issues and trustee obligation. On July 2015 United Kingdom supplanted neighborhood GAAP with another standard taking into account the IFRS for SMEs in 2013, the Financial Reporting Standard for Smaller Entities (FRSSE) was held. Today, the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has issued a suite of variation that overhaul and, much of the time disentangle, UK and Ireland bookkeeping gauges and incorporate new necessities (Hoyle et al. 2012) for smaller scale substances and little elements and the withdrawal of the FRSSE. The progressions are to a great extent in light of the execution of the new EU Accounting Directive. On July 2015 The CFA Society of the UK (CFA UK), part of the overall system of part social orders of CFA Institute, has discharged the aftereffects of a late study of more than 290 venture experts looking for part sees on the significance of the yearly report. Different types of organization reporting, and points of view on acclimations to IFRS numbers and issues with IFRS accounts. On March 2015, The Asian-Oceanian Standard-Setters Group (AOSSG) had discharged the aftereffects of a review into the money related reporting measures that Islamic monetary foundations (IFIs) are legitimately essential to consent to in their ward and the degree of consistence. On Oct 2014 The Federation of European Accountants had directed an overview on the meanings of Public Interest Entities (PIEs) material in Europe. The explanations have critical effect on the bookkeeping and review prerequisites for organizations dynamic in the European business sector. (org. 2016). On August 2014, The United Kingdom Financial Reporting Council (FRC) had distributed a report of its 'Budgetary Reporting Lab' highlighting the advancement that UK organizations made amid the 2013 year-end reporting cycle towards clearer and more brief reporting. Albeit concentrated on UK money related reporting necessities the perceptions and proposals in the report are comprehensively material. On June 2014 The European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) has reacted to the IASB's Request for Information (RFI) in regards to IFRS 3 'Business Combinations' by submission of the report of criticism got from different effort exercises and occasions. On March 2014, The United Kingdom Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has distributed a document itemizing the aftereffects of examination did by their Accounting and Reporting Policy (ARP) group into speculator sees on representing impalpable resources under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). On March 2014, The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) had issued Financial Reporting Standard 'FRS 103 Insurance Contracts' which is pertinent for bookkeeping periods starting on or after 1 January 2015. Instant incorporation is allowed and covers this that it has connected FRS 103 early. Conclusion: From the above study, the conclusion reaches that adoption of IFRS in the European Union has been advantageous with some limitation as well. In the accounting standard, convergence explains the aim of finding a single set of accounting standards that will be used globally. Convergence is the method of doing an agreement with accounting standard issued by various regulatory associations. Convergence aims at producing a common set of accounting standards to improve ability, flexibility and contrasting of financial statements (Wang 2014). After the incorporation of IFRS had a massive development in the economy, though some misleading event had occurred. The inclusion of the IFRS has caused much of the development in UK which has helped in incurring revenue. Growth has occurred regarding the infrastructure as well as the per capita income has increased. The inclusion of IFRS has been an advantageous decision for each and every country taking into consideration all the limitations too. Reference list: Armstrong, C., Guay, W.R., Mehran, H. and Weber, J., 2015. The Role of Information and Financial Reporting in Corporate Governance: A Review of the Evidence and the Implications for Banking Firms and the Financial Services Industry.Economic Policy Review, Forthcoming. Ball, R., Jayaraman, S. and Shivakumar, L., 2012. Audited financial reporting and voluntary disclosure as complements: A test of the confirmation hypothesis.Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(1), pp.136-166. Barth, M.E., Landsman, W.R., Lang, M. and Williams, C., 2012. Are IFRS-based and US GAAP-based accounting amounts comparable?.Journal of Accounting and Economics,54(1), pp.68-93. Burke, Q.L. and Eaton, T.V., 2016. Alibaba Group Initial Public Offering: A Case Study of Financial Reporting Issues.Issues in Accounting Education. Chen, C.J., Ding, Y. and Xu, B., 2014. Convergence of accounting standards and foreign direct investment.The International Journal of Accounting,49(1), pp.53-86. Cheng, M., Dhaliwal, D. and Zhang, Y., 2013. Does investment efficiency improve after the disclosure of material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting?.Journal of Accounting and Economics,56(1), pp.1-18. Christensen, H.B., Lee, E., Walker, M. and Zeng, C., 2015. Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality changes around IFRS adoption?.European Accounting Review,24(1), pp.31-61. Cotter, D., 2012.Advanced financial reporting: A complete guide to IFRS. Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Crawford, L., Ferguson, J., Helliar, C.V. and Power, D.M., 2014. Control over accounting standards within the European Union: the political controversy surrounding the adoption of IFRS 8.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(4), pp.304-318. Deegan, C., 2012.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Feng, M., Li, C., McVay, S.E. and Skaife, H., 2014. Does ineffective internal control over financial reporting affect a firm's operations? Evidence from firms' inventory management.The Accounting Review,90(2), pp.529-557. Harris, P., Stahlin, W., Arnold, L.W. and Kinkela, K., 2013, January. A COMPREHENSIVE CASE STUDY: US GAAP CONVERSION TO IFRS. InGlobal Conference on Business Finance Proceedings(Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 121). Institute for Business Finance Research. Hope, O.K., Thomas, W.B. and Vyas, D., 2013. Financial reporting quality of US private and public firms.The Accounting Review,88(5), pp.1715-1742. Hoyle, J.B., Schaefer, T. and Doupnik, T., 2012.Fundamentals of Advanced Accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Ifrs.org. (2016).IFRS - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed 30 Jul. 2016]. Picker, R., Leo, K., Loftus, J., Wise, V.J., Clark, K. and Alfredson, K., 2013.Applying international financial reporting standards. Milton: Wiley. Stahlin, W., Harris, P., Arnold, L.W. and Kinkela, K., 2013. A Comprehensive Case Study: US GAAP Conversion to IFRS.Howe School Research Paper, (2013-1). Wang, C., 2014. Accounting standards harmonization and financial statement comparability: Evidence from transnational information transfer.Journal of Accounting Research,52(4), pp.955-992. Wang, X., 2016. China. The Role of the Government and Academics in the IFRS Convergence Process of Chinese Accounting Standards. InIFRS in a Global World(pp. 217-229). Springer International Publishing.

Situational analysis SWOT analysis is the most viable tool for analyzing the situation and developing a marketing plan.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on No-Goat Smelling X5 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strengths The company has a strong financial position and an active research and development department. The strengths of the proposed deodorant include being the first in the market. There is good scope for scalability of the product acceptance, which would enhance the brand image and market share. The product promises freshness for up to five days besides being presented by the reputable Airmount Company. Weaknesses The company has to create a sustainable logistics and distribution channels in order to meet the market demand. The main weakness is the fact that a brand new idea may be not be convincing for the senior segment of society, as they tend to be reluctant to change. Besides, the narrow product li ne, with limited distribution channels at the beginning, would restrict the customers from accepting the product. Threats The main threats facing the proposed ‘No-Goat Smelling X5’ deodorant is presence of competitors providing similar or nearly similar product at low cost. For instance, the Procter and Gamble Company controls 37.7% of the beauty products market and recorded an annual turnover of $488.5 million at the end of the 2013 financial year.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the Uniliver Company controls 18.6% of the total market share and recorded an annual turnover of $245.8 million at the end of the 2013 financial year. In addition, the Lever Brothers Company controls 11.3% of the market share and recorded an impressive turnover of $149.2 million at the end of the 2013 financial year. In addition, the Airmount Company may not be able to change the product features according to changing external environment and needs of the customers, since the US product patent policy may limit it. Opportunities The new ‘No-Goat Smelling X5’ product may facilitate revenue growth for the Airmount Company upon acceptance by the target market.The company may also take advantage of the market demographics to create multiple brands for the male and female customers. Marketing strategy Marketing strategy is essential before actualizing projections of a blue print of a marketing plan. As a matter of fact, this plan functions on the margins of informed decision making based on comprehensive research on viability and sustainability. In the overcrowded cosmetics industry, product positioning is directly linked to the success in the short and long term, especially for a new product such as the ‘No-Goat Smelling X5’ deodorant. Adopting a First-Mover Strategy, the Airmount Company will position this product as the first of its kind in the market. Through a defined delivery channel and strong media marketing, the company will revolve on quality maintenance to support the leading marketer status. In the process, focus will be directed to the most competitive price and what the customers are able and willing to pay.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on No-Goat Smelling X5 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the company may develop multiple brands of the product that targets the adolescents, female, and male market segments (Kotler Keller, 2012, p. 19). Despite the crowded market, the product will be marketed as first of its kind. In order to achieve this aim, demographic differentiation will be based on income supported by strategic packaging and series of relevant marketing campaigns, as the best approach towards commanding a price premium. As a result, the fair pricing mechanism, among other factors, will positi vely skew competitive advantage in favor of the Airmount Company. In addition, the company will have to recruit distribution agencies across the market regions and well trained marketers for this product (Kotler Keller, 2012, p. 29). In order to diversify market operations, the Airmount Company may create multiple brands from the same product with different coloration, scent, sizes, and packaging (Harrison St. John, 2010, p. 43). This will create an environment of own competition and block other competitors from encroaching into the company’s market (Dagnino Rocco, 2009, p. 31). These sub-products will be differentiated by features, prices, and difference in quality. As forecasted in the market research, this strategy will be successful towards dominance as it offers variety of options to consumers, while at the same time maximizing benefits of economies of scale (Harrison St. John, 2010, p. 32). Since cosmetics market has low entry barriers, the ‘No-Goat Smelling X 5’ product is likely to reap from the experimenting consumers as the product may appeal to the young generation who are often willing to try new products. The high-end and the low-end varieties will target the high and low income earning consumers.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the high-end and low-end varieties in the market, little room will be available for competitors to create a third product based on quality (Rossiter Bellman, 2005, p. 45). Thus, when properly implemented, the company will reap major returns on the upper-end and lower-end of the male cosmetics market. The Airmount Company should introduce the aspect of appealing to ideals of the target population by contracting a popular celebrity as company’s products image. Through recommendations of such celebrity or a popular public figure, the target consumers would be persuaded to try out the ideal product recommended by their favorite celebrity. The marketers of the ‘No-Goat Smelling X5’ product should also include catchy advertisement short messages that appeal to male and female sexuality such as ‘vitality in totality’. In the aspect of self-concept, marketing strategies for the ‘No-Goat Smelling X5’ should be based on idolizing the male pe rson as an equal user of its products. Financials Budget for the marketing plan Cost Quantity Total Cost Equipment Cost $5,000 10 $50,000 Advertisement Posters $10 10,000 $100,000 PA System Hiring $1,000 5 $5,000 Personnel Hiring $3,000 20 $60,000 Advertisement Media $10,000 $10,000 Total Cost $225,000 The financial implication of implementing the above marketing strategy includes active advertisement in the traditional media such as television and newspapers. Besides, the Airmount Company will have to embrace social media in promoting the ‘No-Goat Smelling X5’ product. Controls In order to move the ‘No-Goat Smelling X5’ brand forward, it is critical to adopt the localization strategy that directly appeals to different target markets. The Airmount Company should remain the organization that has localized its means of production and marketing to capture different customer bases. The localization strategy will help in triangulation o f the â€Å"how†, â€Å"where†, and â€Å"what† of management strategies, since it focuses on a specific market. It involves the identification of the unmet customer needs, examining and deploying potential enablers in new converging innovative technologies, and identifying capabilities to ensure that the needs are met (Harrison St. John, 2010). The above elements should then be integrated in a marketing communication plan that runs continuously within the stipulated marketing timetable. References Dagnino, G., Rocco, E. (2009). Competition strategy: theory experiments and cases (1st ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Harrison, J., St. John, C. (2010). Foundations in strategic management. Ohio, Oh: South Western Cengage Learning. Kotler, P., Keller, K. (2012). Marketing management. (14th ed.). New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Rossiter, J. R., Bellman, S. (2005). Marketing communications: Theory and applications. New York, NY: Prentice Hall. This case study on No-Goat Smelling X5 was written and submitted by user Ernest Cameron to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.